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Paragraph Completion

Q.No: 1
Test Name : CAT Paper 2004

Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.


Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resource-intensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process have no recourse expect direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict.

A
A new kind of class conflict arises from preferential treatments given to agents of resource-intensification by the state, which the local community sees as unfair.
B
The grant of long leases to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial economy leads to direct protests from the local community, which sees it as unfair.
C
Preferential treatment given by the state to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial economy exacerbates injustice to local communities and leads to direct protests from them, resulting in a new type of class conflict.
D
Local communities have no option but to protest against agents of resource-intensification and create a new type of class conflict when they are given raw material at subsidized prices for an expanding commercial-industrial economy.
Solution:
Statements (2) and (4) are partially true, as they do not cover all the examples of preferential treatment. Statement a is incomplete, as it does not mention direct protest.
Q.No: 2
Test Name : CAT Paper 2004
Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.


Although almost all climate scientists agree that the Earth is gradually warming, they have long been of two minds about the process of rapid climate shifts within larger periods of change. Some have speculated that the process works like a giant oven or freezer, warming or cooling the whole planet at the same time. Others think that shifts occur on opposing schedules in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, like exaggerated seasons. Recent research in Germany examining climate patterns in the Southern Hemisphere at the end of the last Ice Age strengthens the idea that warming and cooling occurs at alternate times in the two hemispheres. A more definitive answer to this debate will allow scientists to better predict when and how quickly the next climate shift will happen.

A
Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth’s climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; research will help find a definitive answer and better predict climate shifts in future.
B
Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth’s climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; finding a definitive answer will help them better predict climate shifts in future.
C
Research in Germany will help scientists find a definitive answer about warming and cooling of the Earth and predict climate shifts in the future in a better manner.
D
More research rather than debates on warming or cooling of the Earth and exaggerated seasons in its hemisphere will help scientists in Germany predict changes better in future.
Solution:
Statement (3) is factually wrong as we don’t know if further research can happen only in Germany. Option (4) wrongly brings out a contest between research and debate. Between options (1) and (2), choice (1) is inappropriate because we don’t know if ‘research’ will help find a ‘definitive answer’.
Q.No: 3
Test Name : CAT Paper 2004
Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.


Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was decadent and enfeebled – a victim of the excessive development of the rational faculties at the expense of will and instinct. Against the liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires – the true forces of life. Smother the will excessive intellectualizing and you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook destroyed the creative instincts. For man’s manifold potential to be realized, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again the instinctual roots of human existence.

A
Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to forego intellect and give importance to creative instincts.
B
Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to smother the will with excessive intellectualizing and ignite a zest for living.
C
Nietzsche criticizes the intellectuals for enfeebling the modern bourgeois society by not nurturing man's creative instincts.
D
Nietzsche blames excessive intellectualization for the decline of modern society and suggests nurturing creative instincts instead.
Solution:
Option (2) is factually wrong. Option (2) is wrong because Nietzsche does not criticize ‘intellectuals’. Option (1) is wrong because he does not talk of ‘the decline of modern society’ only Option (4) captures the essence of the paragraph.
Q.No: 4
Test Name : CAT Paper 2005
Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose that one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

The audiences for crosswords and sudoku, understandably, overlap greatly, but there are differences, too. A crossword attracts a more literary person, while sudoku appeals to a keenly logical mind. Some crossword enthusiasts turn up their noses at sudoku because they feel it lacks depth. A good crossword requires vocabulary, knowledge, mental flexibility and sometimes even a sense of humor to complete. It touches numerous areas of life and provides an "Aha!" or two along the way. __________

A
Sudoku, on the other hand, is just a logical exercise, each one similar to the last.
B
Sudoku, incidentally, is growing faster in popularity than crosswords, even among the literati.
C
Sudoku, on the other hand, can be attempted and enjoyed even by children.
D
Sudoku, however, is not exciting in any sense of the term.
Solution:
Q.No: 5
Test Name : CAT Paper 2005
Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose that one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

Most firms consider expert individuals to be too elitist, temperamental, egocentric, and difficult to work with. Force such people to collaborate on a high-stakes project and they just might come to fisticuffs. Even the very notion of managing such a group seems unimaginable. So most organizations fall into default mode, setting up project teams of people who get along nicely. __________

A
The result, however, is disastrous
B
The result is mediocrity.
C
The result is creation of experts who then become elitist.
D
Naturally, they drive innovations.
Solution:
Q.No: 6
Test Name : CAT Paper 2005
Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose that one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

Federer's fifth grand slam win prompted a reporter to ask whether he was the best ever. Federer is certainly not lacking in confidence, but he wasn't about to proclaim himself the best ever. "The best player of this generation, yes", he said. "But nowhere close to ever. Just look at the records that some guys have. I'm a minnow." __________

A
His win against Agassi, a genius from the previous generation, contradicts that.
B
Sampras, the king of an earlier generation, was as humble.
C
He is more than a minnow to his contemporaries.
D
The difference between 'the best of this generation' and 'the best ever' is a matter of perception.
Solution:
Q.No: 7
Test Name : CAT Paper 2005
The following question has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

Thus the end of knowledge and the closing of the frontier that it symbolizes is not a looming crisis at all, but merely one of many embarrassing fits of hubris in civilization’s long industry. In the end, it will pass away and be forgotten. Ours is not the first generation to struggle to understand the organizational laws of the frontier, deceive itself that it has succeeded, and go to its grave having failed. __________

A
One would be wise to be humble.
B
But we might be the first generation to actually reach the frontier.
C
But we might be the first generation to deal with the crisis.
D
However, this time the success is not illusory.
Solution:
Q.No: 8
Test Name : CAT Paper 2007

Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.


Characters are also part of deep structure. Characters tie events in a story together and provide a thread of continuity and meaning. Stories can be about individuals, groups, projects, or whole organizations, so from an organizational studies perspective, the focal actor(s) determine the level and unit of analysis used in a study. Stories of mergers and acquisitions, for example, are commonplace. In these stories whole organizations are personified as actors. But these macro-level stories usually are not told from the perspective of the macro-level participants, because whole organizations cannot narrate their experiences in the first person.

A
More generally, data concerning the identities and relationships of the characters in the story are required, if one is to understand role structure and social networks in which that process is embedded.
B
Personification of a whole organization abstracts away from the particular actors and from traditional notions of level of analysis.
C
The personification of a whole organization is important because stories differ depending on who is enacting various events.
D
Every story is told from a particular point of view, with a particular narrative voice, which is not regarded as part of the deep structure.
E
The personification of a whole organization is a textual device we use to make macro-level theories more comprehensible.
Solution:
“The personification of a whole organization is a textual device …” is the choice which continues the theme in the last two lines of the paragraph in the best possible way. The latter half of the paragraph is talking about personification of whole organizations and this is the choice which completes the paragraph satisfactorily. The choice justifies why whole organizations are personified even though they cannot speak as characters.
Q.No: 9
Test Name : CAT Paper 2007

Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.


Nevertheless, photographs still retain some of the magical allure that the earliest daguerreotypes inspired. As objects, our photographs have changed; they have become physically flimsier as they have become more technologically sophisticated. Daguerre produced pictures on copper plates: today many of our photographs never become tangible things, but instead remain filed away on computers and cameras, part of the digital ether that envelops the modern world. At the same time, our patience for the creation of images has also eroded. Children today are used to being tracked from birth by digital cameras and video recorders and they expect to see the results of their poses and performances instantly. The space between life as it is being lived and life as it is being displayed shrinks to a mere second.

A
Yet, despite these technical developments, photographs still remain powerful because they are reminders of the people and things we care about.
B
Images, after all, are surrogates carried into battle by a soldier or by a traveller on holiday.
C
Photographs, be they digital or traditional, exist to remind us of the absent, the beloved, and the dead.
D
In the new era of the digital image, the images also have a greater potential for fostering falsehood and trickery, perpetuating fictions that seem so real we cannot tell the difference.
E
Anyway, human nature being what it is, little time has passed after photography’s invention became means of living life through images.
Solution:
‘Yet despite these technical developments…… …care about’.
In the first line of the paragraph the author speaks about the magical allure still retained by photographs. Then he goes on to describe the negative effects of technological advancements on the same. Thus, in line with the first idea (1) describes how photographs are still holding out against these negative effects.
Q.No: 10
Test Name : CAT Paper 2007

Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.


Mma Ramotswe had a detective agency in Africa, at the foot of Kgale Hill. These were its assets: a tiny white van, two desks, two chairs, a telephone, and an old typewriter. Then there was a teapot, in which Mma Ramotswe - the only private lady detective in Botswana - brewed redbush tea. And three mugs - one for herself, one for her secretary, and one for the client. What else does a detective agency really need? Detective agencies rely on human intuition and intelligence, both of which Mma Ramotswe had in abundance.

A
But there was also the view, which again would appear on no inventory.
B
No inventory would ever include those, of course.
C
She had an intelligent secretary too.
D
She was a good detective and a good woman.
E
What she lacked in possessions was more than made up by a natural shrewdness.
Solution:
‘No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’.The para starts with listing out ‘the inventory’. The option which says ‘what she lacked………..natural shrewdness’ is beyond the scope of the argument. All the options can be easily eliminated. ‘Those’ in the option ‘No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’, refers to human intuition and intelligence of Mma Ramotswe.
Q.No: 11
Test Name : CAT Paper 1993
Q24 to 27 : Refer to the following information and answer the questions that follow.

“Kya – Kya” is an island in the South Pacific. The inhabitants of “Kya – Kya” always answer any question with two sentences, one of which is always true and the other always false.

You want to speak to the chief of the village. You question three inhabitants. Amar, Bobby and Charles. Only Bobby is wearing a red shirt.”
Amar says. “I am not Bobby’s son. The chief wears a red shirt.”
Bobby says, “I am Amar’s father. Charles is the chief.”
Charles says, “The chief is one among us. I am the chief.”

Who is the chief?

A
Amar
B
Bobby
C
Charles
D
None of them
Solution:
The best way to solve these kinds of questions is to assume that one of the statements is either true or false and thus figure out whether there is consistency in what everyone is saying.

If you observe Charle’s statement carefully, you will figure out that his first statement is true and second statement is false. For instance, if his first statement is false, then his second statement cannot be true. There would be inconsistency in what he is talking. So Charles is not the chief. This makes Bobby’s second statement false and first statement true. So Bobby is Amar’s father and hence, Amar’s first statement is false. So his second statement must be true. This implies that the chief is wearing the red shirt. So Bobby is the chief.
Q.No: 12
Test Name : CAT Paper 1993
Q28 to 31: Each question is a logical sequence of statements with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.

Many of us live one-eyed lives. We rely largely on the eye of the mind to form our images of reality. It is a mechanical world based on fact and reason. (_______). So today more and more of us are opening the other eye, the eye of the heart, looking for realities to which the mind’s eye is blind. This is a world warmed and transformed by the power of love, a vision of community beyond the mind’s capacity to see. Either eye alone is not enough. We need “wholesight”, a vision of the world in which mind and heart unite.

A
It had led to unprecedented scientific growth and material well – being.
B
In the nuclear age, our mind-made world has been found flawed and dangerous, even lethal,
C
The question is irrelevant, whether or not they can be seen and reasoned.
D
We have built our lives based on it because it seemed predictable and safe.
Solution:
What follows the blank shows that what has been happening till now has led to some undesirable consequences and hence a change is now coming in. Therefore, option (b) is the only choice that shows what wrong has happened.
Q.No: 13
Test Name : CAT Paper 1993
Q28 to 31: Each question is a logical sequence of statements with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.

People arguing for a position have been known to cast the opposite in an unnecessarily feeble light. (______). People who indulge in this fallacy may be fearful or ignorant of a strong counter argument. Detecting this fallacy often depends on having already heard a better refutation, or having information with which to construct one.

A
Casting the opposite as weaker than it really is, is a very effective strategy.
B
This portrayal of a refutation as weaker than it really is, is a sure way of proving your point.
C
Casting the opposite as weaker than it really is, is not a very effective strategy.
D
This portrayal of refutation as weaker than it really is, is unwarranted.
Solution:
c. suggests that the strategy adopted by some people is not very effective, and the idea is continued with in the passage when the author refers to it as ‘this fallacy’.
Q.No: 14
Test Name : CAT Paper 1993
Q28 to 31: Each question is a logical sequence of statements with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.

The question of what rights animals should enjoy is a vexatious one. Hundreds of millions of animals are put to death for human use each year. Contrariwise, it can be argued that slowing down scientific research would retard discovery of antidotes to diseases such as cancer which kill humans and animals alike. (_________). What if super intelligent beings from Alpha Centauri landed on earth and decided to use us for their experiments, arguing that they could save far more of their and our lives by so doing?

A
It will benefit both in the long run.
B
Is the argument truly fair to animals?
C
But the progress of human civilization cannot be made contingent on some hypothetical rights of animals.
D
There is no question of equating human rights with those of animals.
Solution:
What follows the blank shows that the author is against the argument projected in the beginning of the passage. B. is the only choice which would support this.
Q.No: 15
Test Name : CAT Paper 1993
Q28 to 31: Each question is a logical sequence of statements with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.

A deliberation is a form of discussion in which two people begin on different sides of an issue. (_______) Then each decides, in the light of the other argument whether to adopt the other position, to change his or her position somewhat, or to maintain the same position. Both sides realize that to modify one’s position is not to lose; the point is to get closer to the truth of the matter.

A
Each person argues his or her position most sincerely.
B
The prerequisite for deliberation to be productive is that persons involved must keep an open mind.
C
The purpose is to resolve the issue to the satisfaction of both parties.
D
The trick is to state your viewpoint from a position of strength.
Solution:
The passage begins with the situation of two people on two different sides of the issue. Each gets a chance to argue his or her position and after listening to each other they decide whether they wish to change their position or not. The use of ‘then’ after the blank shows that some action has taken place before it, and (a) is the only option showing an action.
Q.No: 16
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-1

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Easing the anxiety and pressure of having a “big day” is part of the appeal for many couples who marry in secret.

Paragraph: Wedding season is upon us and - after two years of Covid chaos that saw nuptials scaled back- you may think the temptation would be to go all out. ___(1)___. But instead of expanding the guest list, many couples are opting to have entirely secret ceremonies. With Covid case numbers remaining high and the cost of living crisis meaning that many couples are feeling the pinch, it's no wonder that some are less than eager to send out invites. ___(2)___. Plus, it can’t hurt that in celebrity circles getting married in secret is all the rage. ___(3)___. “I would definitely say that secret weddings are becoming more common,” says Landis Bejar, the founder of a therapy practice, which specialises in helping brides and grooms manage wedding stress. “People are looking for ways to get out of the spotlight and avoid the pomp and circumstance of weddings. ___(4)___. They just want to get to the part where they are married.”

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Blank 2 presents a context where couples will be reluctant to send out invitations. Therefore, option (2) is the appropriate answer because it fits the blank space thematically.
Q.No: 17
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-1

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Having made citizens more and less knowledgeable than their predecessors, the Internet has proved to be both a blessing and a curse.

Paragraph: Never before has a population, nearly all of whom has enjoyed at a least a secondary school education, been exposed to so much information, whether in newspapers and magazines or through YouTube, Google, and Facebook. ___(1)___. Yet it is not clear that people today are more knowledgeable than their barely literate predecessors. Contemporary advances in technology offered more serious and inquisitive students access to realms of knowledge previously unimaginable and unavailable. ___(2)___. But such readily available knowledge leads many more students away from serious study, the reading of actual texts, and toward an inability to write effectively and grammatically. ___(3)___. It has let people choose sources that reinforce their opinions rather than encouraging them to question inherited beliefs. ___(4)___.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
The sentence preceding blank 4 discusses the role of the internet. Thematically, the given sentence best fits blank space 4 because it provides both the pros and cons of internet.
Q.No: 18
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-2

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Most were first-time users of a tablet and a digital app.

Paragraph: Aage Badhein’s USP lies in the ethnographic research that constituted the foundation of its development process. Customizations based on learning directly from potential users were critical to making this self-paced app suitable for both a literate and non-literate audience. ___(1)___ The user interface caters to a Hindi-speaking audience who have minimal to no experience with digital services and devices. ___(2)___ The content and functionality of the app are suitable for a wide audience. This includes youth preparing for an independent role in life or a student ready to create a strong foundation of financial management early in her life. ___(3)___ Household members desirous of improving their family’s financial strength to reach their aspirations can also benefit. We piloted Aage Badhein in early 2021 with over 400 women from rural areas. ___(4)___ The digital solution generated a large amount of interest in the communities.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Refer to these statement of the given paragraph: Household members desirous of improving their family’s financial strength to reach their aspirations can also benefit. We piloted Aage Badhein in early 2021 with over 400 women from rural areas.
‘Them’ in the sentence to be placed refers to the 400 women mentioned in the above mentioned statements. Therefore, blank 4 would be replaced with the given sentence.
Q.No: 19
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-2

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: This was years in the making but fasttracked during the pandemic, when “people started being more mindful about their food”, he explained.
Paragraph: For millennia, ghee has been a venerated staple of the subcontinental diet, but it fell out of favour a few decades ago when saturated fats were largely considered to be unhealthy. ___(1)___ But more recently, as the thinking around saturated fats is shifting globally, Indians are finding their own way back to this ingredient that is so integral to their cuisine. ___(2)___ For Karmakar, a renewed interest in ghee is emblematic of a returnto- basics movement in India. ___(3)___ This movement is also part of an overall trend towards “slow food”. In keeping with the movement’s philosophy, ghee can be produced locally (even at home) and has inextricable cultural ties. ___(4)___ At a basic level, ghee is a type of clarified butter believed to have originated in India as a way to preserve butter from going rancid in the hot climate.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Refer to these lines of the passage: For Karmakar, a renewed interest in ghee is emblematic of a returnto- basics movement in India.

‘This’ in the given sentence refers back to the ‘return-to-basics movement’ mentioned in the above mentioned line. Therefore, blank 3 will be replaced by the sentence.
Q.No: 20
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-3

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: When people socially learn from each other, they often learn without understanding why what they're copying—the beliefs and behaviours and technologies and know-how—works.

Paragraph: ___(1)___. The dual-inheritance theory ….says....that inheritance is itself an evolutionary system. It has variation. What makes us a new kind of animal, and so different and successful as a species, is we rely heavily on social learning, to the point where socially acquired information is effectively a second line of inheritance, the first being our genes…. ___(2)___. People tend to home in on who seems to be the smartest or most successful person around, as well as what everybody seems to be doing—the majority of people have something worth learning. ___(3)___. When you repeat this process over time, you can get, around the world, cultural packages—beliefs or behaviours or technology or other solutions—that are adapted to the local conditions. People have different psychologies, effectively. ___(4)___.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
The sentence before blank 2, states that humans are socially acquired animals. The given sentence actually elaborates on this point. Hence 2 is the correct blank for the given sentence. Other options therefore are incorrect.
Q.No: 21
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2022 Slot-3

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: This has meant a lot of uncertainty around what a wide-scale return to office might look like in practice.
Paragraph: Bringing workers back to their desks has been a rocky road for employers and employees alike. The evolution of the pandemic has meant that best laid plans have often not materialised. ___(1)___ The flow of workers back into offices has been more of a trickle than a steady stream. ___(2)___ Yet while plenty of companies are still working through their new policies, some employees across the globe are now back at their desks, whether on a full-time or hybrid basis. ___(3)___ That means we're beginning to get some clarity on what return-to-office means — what's working, as well as what has yet to be settled. ___(4)___

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Let us look at the sentence before blank 2. The sentence, “The flow of workers back into offices has been more of a trickle than a steady stream.” denotes a sense of pessimism about the process of bringing back workers to office post pandemic. The given sentence projects this tone and goes on explaining why. Hence, 2 is the correct bank to be filled.
Q.No: 22
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 1

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: This philosophical cut at one’s core beliefs, values, and way of life is difficult enough.

Paragraph: The experience of reading philosophy is often disquieting. When reading philosophy, the values around which one has heretofore organised one’s life may come to look provincial, flatly wrong, or even evil. ___(1)___. When beliefs previously held as truths are rendered implausible, new beliefs, values, and ways of living may be required. ___(2)___. What’s worse, philosophers admonish each other to remain unsutured until such time as a defensible new answer is revealed or constructed. Sometimes philosophical writing is even strictly critical in that it does not even attempt to provide an alternative after tearing down a cultural or conceptual citadel. ___(3)___. The reader of philosophy must be prepared for the possibility of this experience. While reading philosophy can help one clarify one’s values, and even make one self-conscious for the first time of the fact that there are good reasons for believing what one believes, it can also generate unremediated doubt that is difficult to live with. ___(4)___.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Option 2 (Correct): Placing the sentence at Option 2 maintains the logical flow of the paragraph. It follows the introduction of the disquieting nature of reading philosophy and leads into the explanation of the challenges faced when beliefs are challenged and new beliefs may be required.
Option 1: Placing the sentence at Option (1) would disrupt the flow because it introduces the idea of a philosophical cut before explaining the disquieting nature of reading philosophy.
Option 3: Option (3) is too late in the paragraph to introduce the sentence. The discussion about the impact on beliefs and the need for new values has already been presented.
Option 4: Option (4) is after the paragraph has concluded, so it doesn’t logically fit as the sentence to follow.
Q.No: 23
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 1

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: The discovery helps to explain archeological similarities between the Paleolithic peoples of China, Japan, and the Americas.

Paragraph: The researchers also uncovered an unexpected genetic link between Native Americans and Japanese people. ___(1)___. During the deglaciation period, another group branched out from northern coastal China and travelled to Japan. ___(2)___. "We were surprised to find that this ancestral source also contributed to the Japanese gene pool, especially the indigenous Ainus," says Li. ___(3)___. They shared similarities in how they crafted stemmed projectile points for arrowheads and spears. ___(4)___. "This suggests that the Pleistocene connection among the Americas, China, and Japan was not confined to culture but also to genetics," says senior author Qing-Peng Kong, an evolutionary geneticist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Option 1: Placing the sentence at Option (1) would disrupt the chronological flow of the paragraph. It’s important to first establish the genetic link and then explain its implications in terms of archaeological similarities.
Option 2: Similar to Option (1), placing the sentence at Option (2) would disrupt the flow. The paragraph needs to build up to the broader explanation of archaeological similarities.
Option 3 (Correct): This is the correct option. After discussing the genetic link between Native Americans and Japanese people, it makes sense to introduce the sentence about the discovery explaining archaeological similarities. This provides context and supports the idea that the genetic link is reflected in cultural and archaeological aspects.
Option 4: Placing the sentence at Option 4 would be too late in the paragraph. By this point, the connection between genetics and archaeological similarities has already been discussed, and the sentence would feel out of place.
Q.No: 24
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 2

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: And probably much earlier, moving the documentation for kissing back 1,000 years compared to what was acknowledged in the scientific community.

Paragraph: Research has hypothesised that the earliest evidence of human lip kissing originated in a very specific geographical location in South Asia 3,500 years ago.___(1)___. From there it may have spread to other regions, simultaneously accelerating the spread of the herpes simplex virus 1. According to Dr Troels Pank Arbøll and Dr Sophie Lund Rasmussen, who in a new article in the journal Science draw on a range of written sources from the earliest Mesopotamian societies, kissing was already a well-established practice 4,500 years ago in the Middle East.___(2)___. In ancient Mesopotamia, people wrote in cuneiform script on clay tablets.___(3)___. Many thousands of these clay tablets have survived to this day, and they contain clear examples that kissing was considered a part of romantic intimacy in ancient times.___(4)___. “Kissing could also have been part of friendships and family members' relations," says Dr Troels Pank Arbøll, an expert on the history of medicine in Mesopotamia.

A
Option 2
B
Option 1
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Sentence Placement in Paragraph
Given Sentence: “And probably much earlier, moving the documentation for kissing back 1,000 years compared to what was acknowledged in the scientific community.”
Paragraph Structure:
Earliest evidence of human lip kissing originated in South Asia 3,500 years ago.
Spread to other regions and accelerating the spread of herpes simplex virus 1.
Dr. Troels Pank Arbøll and Dr. Sophie Lund Rasmussen’s study on Mesopotamian societies.
Cuneiform script on clay tablets in Mesopotamia.
Examples of kissing as part of romantic intimacy in ancient times.
Analysis:
Before Blank 1: Discusses the origin of kissing in South Asia.
Before Blank 2: Mentions the spread of kissing and its consequences.
Before Blank 3: Introduces researchers and their study.
Before Blank 4: Describes the medium of documentation (clay tablets).
Option 2: The given sentence fits best before Blank 2 because it provides a transitional context between the origin of kissing in South Asia and its documented existence in Mesopotamia. It bridges the gap by suggesting that kissing was practiced even earlier than previously thought ( in Mesopotamia, 4,500 years ago), which is crucial information before introducing the researchers’ study on Mesopotamian societies.

Incorrect Answers:
Option 1: Placing the sentence here would disrupt the flow by introducing the idea of an earlier origin before establishing the basic premise of kissing’s origin in South Asia.
Option 3: Here, the sentence would be out of context as it interrupts the introduction of the researchers and their work.
Option 4: This placement would be too late, as it should logically precede the specifics about Mesopotamian documentation.
Q.No: 25
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 2

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Dualism was long held as the defining feature of developing countries in contrast to developed countries, where frontier technologies and high productivity were assumed to prevail.

Paragraph: ___(1)___. At the core of development economics lies the idea of ‘productive dualism’: that poor countries’ economies are split between a narrow ‘modern’ sector that uses advanced technologies and a larger ‘traditional’ sector characterized by very low productivity.___(2)___. While this distinction between developing and advanced economies may have made some sense in the 1950s and 1960s, it no longer appears to be very relevant. A combination of forces have produced a widening gap between the winners and those left behind.___(3)___. Convergence between poor and rich parts of the economy was arrested and regional disparities widened.___(4)___. As a result, policymakers in advanced economies are now grappling with the same questions that have long preoccupied developing economies: mainly how to close the gap with the more advanced parts of the economy.

A
Option 1
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 4
Solution:
Sentence Placement in Paragraph
Given Sentence: “Dualism was long held as the defining feature of developing countries in contrast to developed countries, where frontier technologies and high productivity were assumed to prevail.”

Paragraph Structure:
Introduction to the idea of ‘productive dualism’ in development economics. Distinction between developing and advanced economies in the 1950s and 1960s. Forces leading to economic disparities and widening gaps.
Policymakers grappling with similar issues in advanced economies.

Analysis:
The paragraph talks about the concept of ‘productive dualism’ at the core of development economics, where poor countries have economies split between a ‘modern’ sector and a ‘traditional’ sector. The paragraph then mentions that this distinction between developing and advanced economies, which was relevant in the past, is no longer very relevant due to various forces leading to a widening gap between winners and those left behind.
The missing sentence should logically connect these ideas and explain the consequences of this widening gap.
Option 2: This option talks about the consequences of the widening gap, stating that convergence was arrested, and regional disparities widened. This fits well with the context and provides a logical flow from the previous sentence.

Incorrect Answers:
Option 1: The sentence doesn’t connect well with the previous sentence. It talks about convergence and regional disparities but doesn’t smoothly follow the idea of the widening gap.
Option 3: This sentence seems to introduce a new idea about policymakers in advanced economies grappling with questions, and it doesn’t directly connect with the previous sentence.
Option 4: This option talks about policymakers in advanced economies but doesn’t provide a smooth transition from the previous sentence about the widening gap.
Q.No: 26
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 3

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Beyond undermining the monopoly of the State on the use of force, armed conflict also creates an environment that can enable organized crime to prosper.

Paragraph: ___(1)___. Linkages between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict can reinforce one another while also escalating and prolonging violence and eroding governance.___(2)___. Financial gains from crime can lengthen or intensify armed conflicts by creating revenue streams for non-State armed groups (NSAGs).___(3)___. In this context, when hostilities cease and parties to a conflict move towards a peaceful resolution, the widespread availability of surplus arms and ammunition can contribute to a situation of ‘criminalized peace’ that obstructs sustainable peacebuilding efforts.___(4)___.

A
Option 4
B
Option 2
C
Option 3
D
Option 1
Solution:
Question Explanation:
Sentence to Fit:

“Beyond undermining the monopoly of the State on the use of force, armed conflict also creates an environment that can enable organized crime to prosper.”
Paragraph Analysis:
The paragraph discusses the interplay between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict, and their combined effects on violence, governance, and sustainable peacebuilding.
Explanation for Each Blank:
Option 1: Placing the sentence here would start the paragraph by immediately discussing the impact of armed conflict on enabling organized crime, without first establishing the context of the linkages between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict. It’s important to set this context before delving into specific impacts like the growth of organized crime.
Option 2: Inserting the sentence here disrupts the flow. The paragraph first needs to establish the linkages and then illustrate how they reinforce each other, which is what the given sentence does. Placing it here would prematurely introduce the consequences before establishing the foundational linkages.
Option 3: Here, the sentence fits well. It expands upon the initial statement of linkages between arms, crime, and conflict by explaining a specific consequence of armed conflict - the creation of an environment conducive to organized crime. This placement maintains the logical flow: from stating a problem (linkages) to detailing its implications (enabling organized crime).
Option 4: Placing the sentence at the end would disrupt the paragraph’s conclusion about the transition from armed conflict to a ‘criminalized peace.’ It’s important for the concluding part to focus on the post-conflict challenges rather than reintroducing the concept of organized crime’s prosperity.
Correct Answer:
Correct Placement and Rationale:
Option 3 is the correct placement. The sentence logically follows the establishment of the linkages between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict and precedes the discussion of the financial gains from crime. It serves as a bridge between identifying the problem (the linkages) and exploring one of its specific consequences (financial gains for non-State armed groups), maintaining a coherent flow in the paragraph’s narrative.
Q.No: 27
Test Name : CAT Actual Paper 2023 Slot 3

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: For theoretical purposes, arguments may be considered as freestanding entities, abstracted from their contexts of use in actual human activities.

Paragraph: ___(1)___. An argument can be defined as a complex symbolic structure where some parts, known as the premises, offer support to another part, the conclusion. Alternatively, an argument can be viewed as a complex speech act consisting of one or more acts of premising (which assert propositions in favor of the conclusion), an act of concluding, and a stated or implicit marker (“hence”, “therefore”) that indicates that the conclusion follows from the premises.___(2)___. The relation of support between premises and conclusion can be cashed out in different ways: the premises may guarantee the truth of the conclusion, or make its truth more probable; the premises may imply the conclusion; the premises may make the conclusion more acceptable (or assertible).___(3)___. But depending on one’s explanatory goals, there is also much to be gained from considering arguments as they in fact occur in human communicative practices.___(4)___.

A
Option 1
B
Option 4
C
Option 3
D
Option 2
Solution:
Question 18 Explanation
Sentence to Fit:
“For theoretical purposes, arguments may be considered as freestanding entities, abstracted from their contexts of use in actual human activities.”
Paragraph Analysis:
The paragraph focuses on defining an argument and exploring different aspects of how arguments function, both in theory and in practical human communication.
Explanation for Each Blank:
Option 1: Starting the paragraph with this sentence would prematurely introduce the concept of arguments as theoretical constructs before defining what an argument is. The foundation of what constitutes an argument should be established first.
Option 2: This placement disrupts the explanation of how an argument can be viewed and its components. It’s essential to fully articulate the structure of an argument before contrasting its theoretical and practical aspects.
Option 3: Here, the sentence fits well. It provides a contrast to the detailed explanation of an argument’s structure by introducing the idea of considering arguments in a theoretical context, separate from their practical use.
Option 4: Placing the sentence at the end would not fit well because the paragraph is concluding with the notion of gaining insights from practical communication. The sentence about theoretical abstraction would be better placed before this final point.
Correct Answer:
Correct Placement and Rationale:
Option 3 is the correct placement. The sentence logically follows the detailed explanation of an argument’s structure and components. It introduces the idea of considering arguments in a theoretical context, setting up a contrast with the subsequent point about the benefits of examining arguments as they occur in real-world communication. This placement maintains a coherent flow and logical progression in the paragraph’s discussion.
Solution:
Statements (2) and (4) are partially true, as they do not cover all the examples of preferential treatment. Statement a is incomplete, as it does not mention direct protest.


Solution:
Statement (3) is factually wrong as we don’t know if further research can happen only in Germany. Option (4) wrongly brings out a contest between research and debate. Between options (1) and (2), choice (1) is inappropriate because we don’t know if ‘research’ will help find a ‘definitive answer’.


Solution:
Option (2) is factually wrong. Option (2) is wrong because Nietzsche does not criticize ‘intellectuals’. Option (1) is wrong because he does not talk of ‘the decline of modern society’ only Option (4) captures the essence of the paragraph.


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:
“The personification of a whole organization is a textual device …” is the choice which continues the theme in the last two lines of the paragraph in the best possible way. The latter half of the paragraph is talking about personification of whole organizations and this is the choice which completes the paragraph satisfactorily. The choice justifies why whole organizations are personified even though they cannot speak as characters.


Solution:
‘Yet despite these technical developments…… …care about’.
In the first line of the paragraph the author speaks about the magical allure still retained by photographs. Then he goes on to describe the negative effects of technological advancements on the same. Thus, in line with the first idea (1) describes how photographs are still holding out against these negative effects.


Solution:
‘No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’.The para starts with listing out ‘the inventory’. The option which says ‘what she lacked………..natural shrewdness’ is beyond the scope of the argument. All the options can be easily eliminated. ‘Those’ in the option ‘No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’, refers to human intuition and intelligence of Mma Ramotswe.


Solution:
The best way to solve these kinds of questions is to assume that one of the statements is either true or false and thus figure out whether there is consistency in what everyone is saying.

If you observe Charle’s statement carefully, you will figure out that his first statement is true and second statement is false. For instance, if his first statement is false, then his second statement cannot be true. There would be inconsistency in what he is talking. So Charles is not the chief. This makes Bobby’s second statement false and first statement true. So Bobby is Amar’s father and hence, Amar’s first statement is false. So his second statement must be true. This implies that the chief is wearing the red shirt. So Bobby is the chief.


Solution:
What follows the blank shows that what has been happening till now has led to some undesirable consequences and hence a change is now coming in. Therefore, option (b) is the only choice that shows what wrong has happened.


Solution:
c. suggests that the strategy adopted by some people is not very effective, and the idea is continued with in the passage when the author refers to it as ‘this fallacy’.


Solution:
What follows the blank shows that the author is against the argument projected in the beginning of the passage. B. is the only choice which would support this.


Solution:
The passage begins with the situation of two people on two different sides of the issue. Each gets a chance to argue his or her position and after listening to each other they decide whether they wish to change their position or not. The use of ‘then’ after the blank shows that some action has taken place before it, and (a) is the only option showing an action.


Solution:
Blank 2 presents a context where couples will be reluctant to send out invitations. Therefore, option (2) is the appropriate answer because it fits the blank space thematically.


Solution:
The sentence preceding blank 4 discusses the role of the internet. Thematically, the given sentence best fits blank space 4 because it provides both the pros and cons of internet.


Solution:
Refer to these statement of the given paragraph: Household members desirous of improving their family’s financial strength to reach their aspirations can also benefit. We piloted Aage Badhein in early 2021 with over 400 women from rural areas.
‘Them’ in the sentence to be placed refers to the 400 women mentioned in the above mentioned statements. Therefore, blank 4 would be replaced with the given sentence.


Solution:
Refer to these lines of the passage: For Karmakar, a renewed interest in ghee is emblematic of a returnto- basics movement in India.

‘This’ in the given sentence refers back to the ‘return-to-basics movement’ mentioned in the above mentioned line. Therefore, blank 3 will be replaced by the sentence.


Solution:
The sentence before blank 2, states that humans are socially acquired animals. The given sentence actually elaborates on this point. Hence 2 is the correct blank for the given sentence. Other options therefore are incorrect.


Solution:
Let us look at the sentence before blank 2. The sentence, “The flow of workers back into offices has been more of a trickle than a steady stream.” denotes a sense of pessimism about the process of bringing back workers to office post pandemic. The given sentence projects this tone and goes on explaining why. Hence, 2 is the correct bank to be filled.


Solution:
Option 2 (Correct): Placing the sentence at Option 2 maintains the logical flow of the paragraph. It follows the introduction of the disquieting nature of reading philosophy and leads into the explanation of the challenges faced when beliefs are challenged and new beliefs may be required.
Option 1: Placing the sentence at Option (1) would disrupt the flow because it introduces the idea of a philosophical cut before explaining the disquieting nature of reading philosophy.
Option 3: Option (3) is too late in the paragraph to introduce the sentence. The discussion about the impact on beliefs and the need for new values has already been presented.
Option 4: Option (4) is after the paragraph has concluded, so it doesn’t logically fit as the sentence to follow.


Solution:
Option 1: Placing the sentence at Option (1) would disrupt the chronological flow of the paragraph. It’s important to first establish the genetic link and then explain its implications in terms of archaeological similarities.
Option 2: Similar to Option (1), placing the sentence at Option (2) would disrupt the flow. The paragraph needs to build up to the broader explanation of archaeological similarities.
Option 3 (Correct): This is the correct option. After discussing the genetic link between Native Americans and Japanese people, it makes sense to introduce the sentence about the discovery explaining archaeological similarities. This provides context and supports the idea that the genetic link is reflected in cultural and archaeological aspects.
Option 4: Placing the sentence at Option 4 would be too late in the paragraph. By this point, the connection between genetics and archaeological similarities has already been discussed, and the sentence would feel out of place.


Solution:
Sentence Placement in Paragraph
Given Sentence: “And probably much earlier, moving the documentation for kissing back 1,000 years compared to what was acknowledged in the scientific community.”
Paragraph Structure:
Earliest evidence of human lip kissing originated in South Asia 3,500 years ago.
Spread to other regions and accelerating the spread of herpes simplex virus 1.
Dr. Troels Pank Arbøll and Dr. Sophie Lund Rasmussen’s study on Mesopotamian societies.
Cuneiform script on clay tablets in Mesopotamia.
Examples of kissing as part of romantic intimacy in ancient times.
Analysis:
Before Blank 1: Discusses the origin of kissing in South Asia.
Before Blank 2: Mentions the spread of kissing and its consequences.
Before Blank 3: Introduces researchers and their study.
Before Blank 4: Describes the medium of documentation (clay tablets).
Option 2: The given sentence fits best before Blank 2 because it provides a transitional context between the origin of kissing in South Asia and its documented existence in Mesopotamia. It bridges the gap by suggesting that kissing was practiced even earlier than previously thought ( in Mesopotamia, 4,500 years ago), which is crucial information before introducing the researchers’ study on Mesopotamian societies.

Incorrect Answers:
Option 1: Placing the sentence here would disrupt the flow by introducing the idea of an earlier origin before establishing the basic premise of kissing’s origin in South Asia.
Option 3: Here, the sentence would be out of context as it interrupts the introduction of the researchers and their work.
Option 4: This placement would be too late, as it should logically precede the specifics about Mesopotamian documentation.


Solution:
Sentence Placement in Paragraph
Given Sentence: “Dualism was long held as the defining feature of developing countries in contrast to developed countries, where frontier technologies and high productivity were assumed to prevail.”

Paragraph Structure:
Introduction to the idea of ‘productive dualism’ in development economics. Distinction between developing and advanced economies in the 1950s and 1960s. Forces leading to economic disparities and widening gaps.
Policymakers grappling with similar issues in advanced economies.

Analysis:
The paragraph talks about the concept of ‘productive dualism’ at the core of development economics, where poor countries have economies split between a ‘modern’ sector and a ‘traditional’ sector. The paragraph then mentions that this distinction between developing and advanced economies, which was relevant in the past, is no longer very relevant due to various forces leading to a widening gap between winners and those left behind.
The missing sentence should logically connect these ideas and explain the consequences of this widening gap.
Option 2: This option talks about the consequences of the widening gap, stating that convergence was arrested, and regional disparities widened. This fits well with the context and provides a logical flow from the previous sentence.

Incorrect Answers:
Option 1: The sentence doesn’t connect well with the previous sentence. It talks about convergence and regional disparities but doesn’t smoothly follow the idea of the widening gap.
Option 3: This sentence seems to introduce a new idea about policymakers in advanced economies grappling with questions, and it doesn’t directly connect with the previous sentence.
Option 4: This option talks about policymakers in advanced economies but doesn’t provide a smooth transition from the previous sentence about the widening gap.


Solution:
Question Explanation:
Sentence to Fit:

“Beyond undermining the monopoly of the State on the use of force, armed conflict also creates an environment that can enable organized crime to prosper.”
Paragraph Analysis:
The paragraph discusses the interplay between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict, and their combined effects on violence, governance, and sustainable peacebuilding.
Explanation for Each Blank:
Option 1: Placing the sentence here would start the paragraph by immediately discussing the impact of armed conflict on enabling organized crime, without first establishing the context of the linkages between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict. It’s important to set this context before delving into specific impacts like the growth of organized crime.
Option 2: Inserting the sentence here disrupts the flow. The paragraph first needs to establish the linkages and then illustrate how they reinforce each other, which is what the given sentence does. Placing it here would prematurely introduce the consequences before establishing the foundational linkages.
Option 3: Here, the sentence fits well. It expands upon the initial statement of linkages between arms, crime, and conflict by explaining a specific consequence of armed conflict - the creation of an environment conducive to organized crime. This placement maintains the logical flow: from stating a problem (linkages) to detailing its implications (enabling organized crime).
Option 4: Placing the sentence at the end would disrupt the paragraph’s conclusion about the transition from armed conflict to a ‘criminalized peace.’ It’s important for the concluding part to focus on the post-conflict challenges rather than reintroducing the concept of organized crime’s prosperity.
Correct Answer:
Correct Placement and Rationale:
Option 3 is the correct placement. The sentence logically follows the establishment of the linkages between illicit arms, organized crime, and armed conflict and precedes the discussion of the financial gains from crime. It serves as a bridge between identifying the problem (the linkages) and exploring one of its specific consequences (financial gains for non-State armed groups), maintaining a coherent flow in the paragraph’s narrative.


Solution:
Question 18 Explanation
Sentence to Fit:
“For theoretical purposes, arguments may be considered as freestanding entities, abstracted from their contexts of use in actual human activities.”
Paragraph Analysis:
The paragraph focuses on defining an argument and exploring different aspects of how arguments function, both in theory and in practical human communication.
Explanation for Each Blank:
Option 1: Starting the paragraph with this sentence would prematurely introduce the concept of arguments as theoretical constructs before defining what an argument is. The foundation of what constitutes an argument should be established first.
Option 2: This placement disrupts the explanation of how an argument can be viewed and its components. It’s essential to fully articulate the structure of an argument before contrasting its theoretical and practical aspects.
Option 3: Here, the sentence fits well. It provides a contrast to the detailed explanation of an argument’s structure by introducing the idea of considering arguments in a theoretical context, separate from their practical use.
Option 4: Placing the sentence at the end would not fit well because the paragraph is concluding with the notion of gaining insights from practical communication. The sentence about theoretical abstraction would be better placed before this final point.
Correct Answer:
Correct Placement and Rationale:
Option 3 is the correct placement. The sentence logically follows the detailed explanation of an argument’s structure and components. It introduces the idea of considering arguments in a theoretical context, setting up a contrast with the subsequent point about the benefits of examining arguments as they occur in real-world communication. This placement maintains a coherent flow and logical progression in the paragraph’s discussion.


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