Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resource-intensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process have no recourse expect direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict.
Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
Although almost all climate scientists agree that the Earth is gradually warming, they have long been of two minds about the process of rapid climate shifts within larger periods of change. Some have speculated that the process works like a giant oven or freezer, warming or cooling the whole planet at the same time. Others think that shifts occur on opposing schedules in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, like exaggerated seasons. Recent research in Germany examining climate patterns in the Southern Hemisphere at the end of the last Ice Age strengthens the idea that warming and cooling occurs at alternate times in the two hemispheres. A more definitive answer to this debate will allow scientists to better predict when and how quickly the next climate shift will happen.
Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was decadent and enfeebled – a victim of the excessive development of the rational faculties at the expense of will and instinct. Against the liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires – the true forces of life. Smother the will excessive intellectualizing and you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook destroyed the creative instincts. For man’s manifold potential to be realized, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again the instinctual roots of human existence.
The audiences for crosswords and sudoku, understandably, overlap greatly, but there are differences, too. A crossword attracts a more literary person, while sudoku appeals to a keenly logical mind. Some crossword enthusiasts turn up their noses at sudoku because they feel it lacks depth. A good crossword requires vocabulary, knowledge, mental flexibility and sometimes even a sense of humor to complete. It touches numerous areas of life and provides an "Aha!" or two along the way. __________
Most firms consider expert individuals to be too elitist, temperamental, egocentric, and difficult to work with. Force such people to collaborate on a high-stakes project and they just might come to fisticuffs. Even the very notion of managing such a group seems unimaginable. So most organizations fall into default mode, setting up project teams of people who get along nicely. __________
Federer's fifth grand slam win prompted a reporter to ask whether he was the best ever. Federer is certainly not lacking in confidence, but he wasn't about to proclaim himself the best ever. "The best player of this generation, yes", he said. "But nowhere close to ever. Just look at the records that some guys have. I'm a minnow." __________
Thus the end of knowledge and the closing of the frontier that it symbolizes is not a looming crisis at all, but merely one of many embarrassing fits of hubris in civilizations long industry. In the end, it will pass away and be forgotten. Ours is not the first generation to struggle to understand the organizational laws of the frontier, deceive itself that it has succeeded, and go to its grave having failed. __________
Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
Characters are also part of deep structure. Characters tie events in a story together and provide a thread of continuity and meaning. Stories can be about individuals, groups, projects, or whole organizations, so from an organizational studies perspective, the focal actor(s) determine the level and unit of analysis used in a study. Stories of mergers and acquisitions, for example, are commonplace. In these stories whole organizations are personified as actors. But these macro-level stories usually are not told from the perspective of the macro-level participants, because whole organizations cannot narrate their experiences in the first person.
Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
Nevertheless, photographs still retain some of the magical allure that the earliest daguerreotypes inspired. As objects, our photographs have changed; they have become physically flimsier as they have become more technologically sophisticated. Daguerre produced pictures on copper plates: today many of our photographs never become tangible things, but instead remain filed away on computers and cameras, part of the digital ether that envelops the modern world. At the same time, our patience for the creation of images has also eroded. Children today are used to being tracked from birth by digital cameras and video recorders and they expect to see the results of their poses and performances instantly. The space between life as it is being lived and life as it is being displayed shrinks to a mere second.
Directions for Questions 60 to 62: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
Mma Ramotswe had a detective agency in Africa, at the foot of Kgale Hill. These were its assets: a tiny white van, two desks, two chairs, a telephone, and an old typewriter. Then there was a teapot, in which Mma Ramotswe - the only private lady detective in Botswana - brewed redbush tea. And three mugs - one for herself, one for her secretary, and one for the client. What else does a detective agency really need? Detective agencies rely on human intuition and intelligence, both of which Mma Ramotswe had in abundance.
You want to speak to the chief of the village. You question three inhabitants. Amar, Bobby and Charles. Only Bobby is wearing a red shirt.
Amar says. I am not Bobbys son. The chief wears a red shirt.
Bobby says, I am Amars father. Charles is the chief.
Charles says, The chief is one among us. I am the chief.
Who is the chief?
Many of us live one-eyed lives. We rely largely on the eye of the mind to form our images of reality. It is a mechanical world based on fact and reason. (_______). So today more and more of us are opening the other eye, the eye of the heart, looking for realities to which the minds eye is blind. This is a world warmed and transformed by the power of love, a vision of community beyond the minds capacity to see. Either eye alone is not enough. We need wholesight, a vision of the world in which mind and heart unite.
People arguing for a position have been known to cast the opposite in an unnecessarily feeble light. (______). People who indulge in this fallacy may be fearful or ignorant of a strong counter argument. Detecting this fallacy often depends on having already heard a better refutation, or having information with which to construct one.
The question of what rights animals should enjoy is a vexatious one. Hundreds of millions of animals are put to death for human use each year. Contrariwise, it can be argued that slowing down scientific research would retard discovery of antidotes to diseases such as cancer which kill humans and animals alike. (_________). What if super intelligent beings from Alpha Centauri landed on earth and decided to use us for their experiments, arguing that they could save far more of their and our lives by so doing?
A deliberation is a form of discussion in which two people begin on different sides of an issue. (_______) Then each decides, in the light of the other argument whether to adopt the other position, to change his or her position somewhat, or to maintain the same position. Both sides realize that to modify ones position is not to lose; the point is to get closer to the truth of the matter.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: Easing the anxiety and pressure of having
a “big day” is part of the appeal for many couples
who marry in secret.
Paragraph: Wedding season is upon us and - after
two years of Covid chaos that saw nuptials scaled
back- you may think the temptation would be to go
all out. ___(1)___. But instead of expanding the guest
list, many couples are opting to have entirely secret
ceremonies. With Covid case numbers remaining
high and the cost of living crisis meaning that many
couples are feeling the pinch, it's no wonder that
some are less than eager to send out invites.
___(2)___. Plus, it can’t hurt that in celebrity circles
getting married in secret is all the rage. ___(3)___. “I
would definitely say that secret weddings are
becoming more common,” says Landis Bejar, the
founder of a therapy practice, which specialises in
helping brides and grooms manage wedding stress.
“People are looking for ways to get out of the spotlight
and avoid the pomp and circumstance of weddings.
___(4)___. They just want to get to the part where
they are married.”
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: Having made citizens more and less
knowledgeable than their predecessors, the Internet
has proved to be both a blessing and a curse.
Paragraph: Never before has a population, nearly
all of whom has enjoyed at a least a secondary school
education, been exposed to so much information,
whether in newspapers and magazines or through
YouTube, Google, and Facebook. ___(1)___. Yet it
is not clear that people today are more
knowledgeable than their barely literate predecessors.
Contemporary advances in technology offered more
serious and inquisitive students access to realms of
knowledge previously unimaginable and unavailable.
___(2)___. But such readily available knowledge
leads many more students away from serious study,
the reading of actual texts, and toward an inability to
write effectively and grammatically. ___(3)___. It has
let people choose sources that reinforce their
opinions rather than encouraging them to question
inherited beliefs. ___(4)___.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: Most were first-time users of a tablet
and a digital app.
Paragraph: Aage Badhein’s USP lies in the
ethnographic research that constituted the
foundation of its development process.
Customizations based on learning directly from
potential users were critical to making this self-paced
app suitable for both a literate and non-literate
audience. ___(1)___ The user interface caters to a
Hindi-speaking audience who have minimal to no
experience with digital services and devices.
___(2)___ The content and functionality of the app
are suitable for a wide audience. This includes youth
preparing for an independent role in life or a student
ready to create a strong foundation of financial
management early in her life. ___(3)___ Household
members desirous of improving their family’s financial
strength to reach their aspirations can also benefit.
We piloted Aage Badhein in early 2021 with over
400 women from rural areas. ___(4)___ The digital
solution generated a large amount of interest in the
communities.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: This was years in the making but fasttracked
during the pandemic, when “people started
being more mindful about their food”, he explained.
Paragraph: For millennia, ghee has been a
venerated staple of the subcontinental diet, but it
fell out of favour a few decades ago when saturated
fats were largely considered to be unhealthy.
___(1)___ But more recently, as the thinking around
saturated fats is shifting globally, Indians are finding
their own way back to this ingredient that is so
integral to their cuisine. ___(2)___ For Karmakar, a
renewed interest in ghee is emblematic of a returnto-
basics movement in India. ___(3)___ This
movement is also part of an overall trend towards
“slow food”. In keeping with the movement’s
philosophy, ghee can be produced locally (even at
home) and has inextricable cultural ties. ___(4)___
At a basic level, ghee is a type of clarified butter
believed to have originated in India as a way to
preserve butter from going rancid in the hot climate.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: When people socially learn from each
other, they often learn without understanding why
what they're copying—the beliefs and behaviours and
technologies and know-how—works.
Paragraph: ___(1)___. The dual-inheritance theory
….says....that inheritance is itself an evolutionary
system. It has variation. What makes us a new kind
of animal, and so different and successful as a
species, is we rely heavily on social learning, to the
point where socially acquired information is effectively
a second line of inheritance, the first being our
genes…. ___(2)___. People tend to home in on who
seems to be the smartest or most successful person
around, as well as what everybody seems to be
doing—the majority of people have something worth
learning. ___(3)___. When you repeat this process
over time, you can get, around the world, cultural
packages—beliefs or behaviours or technology or
other solutions—that are adapted to the local
conditions. People have different psychologies,
effectively. ___(4)___.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which
blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence
would best fit.
Sentence: This has meant a lot of uncertainty around
what a wide-scale return to office might look like in
practice.
Paragraph: Bringing workers back to their desks
has been a rocky road for employers and employees
alike. The evolution of the pandemic has meant that
best laid plans have often not materialised. ___(1)___
The flow of workers back into offices has been more
of a trickle than a steady stream. ___(2)___ Yet while
plenty of companies are still working through their
new policies, some employees across the globe are
now back at their desks, whether on a full-time or
hybrid basis. ___(3)___ That means we're beginning
to get some clarity on what return-to-office means
— what's working, as well as what has yet to be
settled. ___(4)___
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: This philosophical cut at one’s core
beliefs, values, and way of life is difficult enough.
Paragraph: The experience of reading philosophy
is often disquieting. When reading philosophy, the
values around which one has heretofore organised
one’s life may come to look provincial, flatly wrong,
or even evil. ___(1)___. When beliefs previously held
as truths are rendered implausible, new beliefs,
values, and ways of living may be required. ___(2)___.
What’s worse, philosophers admonish each other
to remain unsutured until such time as a defensible
new answer is revealed or constructed. Sometimes
philosophical writing is even strictly critical in that it
does not even attempt to provide an alternative after
tearing down a cultural or conceptual citadel.
___(3)___. The reader of philosophy must be
prepared for the possibility of this experience. While
reading philosophy can help one clarify one’s values,
and even make one self-conscious for the first time
of the fact that there are good reasons for believing
what one believes, it can also generate unremediated
doubt that is difficult to live with. ___(4)___.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: The discovery helps to explain
archeological similarities between the Paleolithic
peoples of China, Japan, and the Americas.
Paragraph: The researchers also uncovered an
unexpected genetic link between Native Americans
and Japanese people. ___(1)___. During the
deglaciation period, another group branched out from
northern coastal China and travelled to Japan.
___(2)___. "We were surprised to find that this
ancestral source also contributed to the Japanese
gene pool, especially the indigenous Ainus," says
Li. ___(3)___. They shared similarities in how they
crafted stemmed projectile points for arrowheads and
spears. ___(4)___. "This suggests that the
Pleistocene connection among the Americas, China,
and Japan was not confined to culture but also to
genetics," says senior author Qing-Peng Kong, an
evolutionary geneticist at the Chinese Academy of
Sciences.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: And probably much earlier, moving the
documentation for kissing back 1,000 years
compared to what was acknowledged in the scientific
community.
Paragraph: Research has hypothesised that the
earliest evidence of human lip kissing originated in a
very specific geographical location in South Asia
3,500 years ago.___(1)___. From there it may have
spread to other regions, simultaneously accelerating
the spread of the herpes simplex virus 1. According
to Dr Troels Pank Arbøll and Dr Sophie Lund
Rasmussen, who in a new article in the journal
Science draw on a range of written sources from the
earliest Mesopotamian societies, kissing was
already a well-established practice 4,500 years ago
in the Middle East.___(2)___. In ancient
Mesopotamia, people wrote in cuneiform script on
clay tablets.___(3)___. Many thousands of these clay
tablets have survived to this day, and they contain
clear examples that kissing was considered a part
of romantic intimacy in ancient times.___(4)___.
“Kissing could also have been part of friendships and
family members' relations," says Dr Troels Pank
Arbøll, an expert on the history of medicine in
Mesopotamia.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: Dualism was long held as the defining
feature of developing countries in contrast to
developed countries, where frontier technologies and
high productivity were assumed to prevail.
Paragraph: ___(1)___. At the core of development
economics lies the idea of ‘productive dualism’: that
poor countries’ economies are split between a narrow
‘modern’ sector that uses advanced technologies and
a larger ‘traditional’ sector characterized by very low
productivity.___(2)___. While this distinction between
developing and advanced economies may have made
some sense in the 1950s and 1960s, it no longer
appears to be very relevant. A combination of forces
have produced a widening gap between the winners
and those left behind.___(3)___. Convergence
between poor and rich parts of the economy was
arrested and regional disparities widened.___(4)___.
As a result, policymakers in advanced economies
are now grappling with the same questions that have
long preoccupied developing economies: mainly how
to close the gap with the more advanced parts of the
economy.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: Beyond undermining the monopoly of the
State on the use of force, armed conflict also creates
an environment that can enable organized crime to
prosper.
Paragraph: ___(1)___. Linkages between illicit arms,
organized crime, and armed conflict can reinforce
one another while also escalating and prolonging
violence and eroding governance.___(2)___. Financial
gains from crime can lengthen or intensify armed
conflicts by creating revenue streams for non-State
armed groups (NSAGs).___(3)___. In this context,
when hostilities cease and parties to a conflict move
towards a peaceful resolution, the widespread
availability of surplus arms and ammunition can
contribute to a situation of ‘criminalized peace’ that
obstructs sustainable peacebuilding
efforts.___(4)___.
There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph
below. Look at the paragraph and decide where
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
Sentence: For theoretical purposes, arguments may
be considered as freestanding entities, abstracted
from their contexts of use in actual human activities.
Paragraph: ___(1)___. An argument can be defined
as a complex symbolic structure where some parts,
known as the premises, offer support to another part,
the conclusion. Alternatively, an argument can be
viewed as a complex speech act consisting of one
or more acts of premising (which assert propositions
in favor of the conclusion), an act of concluding, and
a stated or implicit marker (“hence”, “therefore”) that
indicates that the conclusion follows from the
premises.___(2)___. The relation of support between
premises and conclusion can be cashed out in
different ways: the premises may guarantee the truth
of the conclusion, or make its truth more probable;
the premises may imply the conclusion; the
premises may make the conclusion more acceptable
(or assertible).___(3)___. But depending on one’s
explanatory goals, there is also much to be gained
from considering arguments as they in fact occur in
human communicative practices.___(4)___.